: When one is young, it is rather usual to state: “I will not make the same thing as my father”. I think that many wire of doctors said the same thing, and it is true that my center of interest was rather the literature. I had almost left to make studies of letters, in . Then at the last moment, I reported myself that the outlets were nevertheless restricted and that medicine was also a humanism. For all these reasons, I nevertheless made medicine! Then, in fact really the studies led me to the surgery and to follow the channel of my father at all. I thought during the first two years of psychiatry… And then I quickly understood that would perhaps not correspond completely so that I sought in medicine. Especially they are the years of studies, the progressive training of pathology and the clinical training courses which led me to pass the boarding school on the one hand, and to choose the surgery. I was not decided yet for csotcina.comedy. My first training course in 1977 proceeded in cardiovascular surgery in the Instructor . It was a tyrant but a remarkable surgeon. Its team rather pointed and was endowed, but it was nevertheless a very hard six-month period. Moreover, the prospects for quality of life worried me a little because of the difficult work conditions in this service. But I liked that. I was thus ready to pile up again into cardiovascular. It is the instructor , who at the time was aggregated, which had advised me to see the other surgical specialities, and to choose afterwards. I listened to my Master, and I went the six-month period following in the department of thoracic surgery. And then I went in csotcina.comedy, in the Center of Traumatology and csotcina.comedy, in my father. I discovered this speciality, and it rained me really much. My father however never interfered in my choices. That forever be its kind. It had just warned to me as for the outlets of the literary careers. And once I was in medicine, he me forever thorough to make csotcina.comedy. I then left in co-operations to the Antilles, where in fact, by the chances of the choice, I found myself in a service where much traumatology was done. I was there with an excellent buddy of boarding school, Claude , and it is besides with the waning of this military service like volunteer
with the technical assistance under the tropics which it directed towards infantile csotcina.comedy and me towards adult csotcina.comedy. To the return of the Antilles, conquered by csotcina.comedy, I returned to Strasbourg to make a training course in the Instructor . It then took to me under its wing. I did not want too to be the senior registrar of my father. I preferred to be independent and make my channel all alone.

MO: Did the specificity of Strasbourgeoise csotcina.comedy play a part in this choice?

: Yes, that played, but later. The choice of csotcina.comedy really came from the interest for the training courses of the speciality without taking account of the school. When one is at the beginning of boarding school, one has evil to perceive the specificity of a school or even his fame. One seizes and understands the interest or the weaknesses of a school only at the end of the boarding school. That thus did not determine my choice, but on the other hand, I am now very proud to belong and take again to it the torch so brilliantly lit and maintained by my Masters.

MO: Does it persist still today a characteristic?

: They are younger than me which could say it. Me, I believe that yes. In the overall step of assumption of responsibility of a problem or csotcina.comedic, I believe that there is a very Alsatian step, made weighting, of discussion, of setting in balance with an not-operational processing. I believe that it is a school which is known for that, to make only surgery in csotcina.comedy-Traumatology. This frame of mind remains.

MO: And to return from there to your father, was his fame an anguish for you?

: Not, it was an encouragement, it is obvious. Certainly not an anguish, because by mutual agreement, I decided to belong to the other school which was a little concurrent and different, but in an extremely friendly way. I know that some wire of owner in csotcina.comedy were put in the seat of their father. Me, I belong to those which did not do it, thinking that the span of my father in certain fields would have done too much shade to me, as the small fir tree which has evil to push in the shade of a large oak. It was better that I make my channel in another service and other fields. I at all did not follow besides the channel of my father with regard to for example the whose torch was taken again by its pupils like Gilbert or the pupil of and , Patrick Simon within our federation. I initially was thorough to make hip, then of the surgery, and finally of the shoulder surgery. This field was new in Strasbourg, where there was nobody. It was a virgin ground and I preferred to prove reliable in this new field where all was to be made rather than to stick to the wheel of my father in his fields of predilection.

MO: Is the choice of the and the shoulder especially an opportunity?

: Yes, completely. It was the beginning of the in France. We were one of the university services more in advance for the . Before me, my bosses of private clinic, Patrice Graffiti and Jean-Claude had begun the in the service. Mr. was not interested in it much, but it felt that it was necessary that somebody does it. In the Eighties to 82, separately the team of to Boulogne, little had begun the . When I began my , it was rather logical that I continuous to develop what had been started. The knee was of course the perfect hinge for the . And it is a little because one did not manage to advance in the other hinges, and in particular the shoulder, that I decided to leave to the United States. I made thus a study trip in the USA, sponsored by the in 1987, with Daniel Molé. We discovered the of the shoulder in Johnson who is one of the pioneers. On my return, I began the of shoulder in Strasbourg. The recruitment of the shoulder initially was thus born thanks to the . There was no tradition of shoulder surgery in Strasbourg as there was in Nancy or Lyon.

MO: And why the shoulder more than another hinge?

: Because in , it is as that which that occurred. People initially explored the knee. It was the progress of the Eighties. The progress of the Nineties initially was the browsing of the shoulder, then other hinges.

MO: Weren't we too far in certain attempts under ?

: The invasive mini surgery is a heavy basic tendency in all the surgical specialities. There exists the same tendency in our colleagues digestive surgeons. The vascular surgeons, the thoracic surgeons, the gynecologists operate for a long time in the same way. I believe that the less invasive we are, best the patient goes. The example of the knee surgery is typical of this development. Indeed, about half of the acts carried out in France on the knee is carried out under . For the shoulder, there are still discussions and remote regions, but the development is inescapable. In my practice and that of many colleagues, that represents already almost more half of the surgical acts carried out. I however do not think of being an extremist of the of the shoulder. Some, in France, make some still much more, to resort to it almost to 100% in certain pathologies.

MO: Do you think that the will develop like a speciality with whole share with healthy of csotcina.comedy, or must it remain a tool of csotcina.comedic surgery of the every day?

: This question returns before a whole conflict of generations! Our Masters all, currently with the retreat, saw that of an evil eye. The birth of the French company of had worried some of our most influential Masters. One saw a little an evil eye that this technique becomes a kind of sub-speciality gathering of the surgeons who isolated themselves from the csotcina.comedic community. I believe especially that it was about a bad perception of the situation. With my direction, the is not a speciality in oneself, it is a means.

MO: But then, why a French company of ?

: It is true that this question can arise. But if one looks at a little our colleagues of the other specialities, they had the same step. There is society of digestive endoscopy, gynaecological coelio-surgery, etc… In fact, it is a society which brings together csotcina.comedic surgeons carrying out many . It is especially a question of sharing our experiments, our indications, our problems of hardware. Our aim is not to defend a new speciality. I also think that an expert has an image of or does not have it, and thus has a a little specific recruitment compared to its associate who is 15 years old more and which is rather “conventional”. One sees well in search of associations, that there is often a pole of surgeons whom I will call conventional or traditional and who seek young person having been formed with the .

MO: There exist however not-surgeons csotcina.comedists?

: It is exact. But it is a little specific in France. It is Henri , rheumatologist who, in 1980, created the . It is him which had the merit to introduce this technique in France and then to want to structure it by creating the . It trained with him some rheumatologists of reputation younger than him and who continued to develop this technique, as Thierry who was one of our chairmen. Historically, there thus always were some rheumatologists at our sides. That does not shock me absolutely. However, I think that is nevertheless likely to die out gradually, because the training of a young rheumatologist is very different from that of a young csotcina.comedist.

MO: Isn't the danger of the “whole ” to want absolutely to adapt a technique to the , rather than to continue to use the as a means?

: It is true, but that depends especially on the school. Me, for example, I was formed near people who were rather for the stop to discuss a former instability of the shoulder. I thus changed philosophy because I wanted to be able to make this stabilization under . For other schools which were already in favor of a capsular gesture, the transition towards the was done in a more natural way. For the knee, I believe that it is a little similar. For example, if one belongs to a school which makes a plastic surgeon with the Fascia latums, to pass to the is obligatorily synonymous to decide to change transplant. But there are nevertheless other schools which used the patellar tendon for a long time. It is an intervention which was described initially with open sky and which allowed a natural passage towards the endoscopy. There are also schools which always maintained the use of the goose leg and which were extremely happy to evolve to the technique to keep the same transplant.

MO: And on the following day? Which prospects for the ?

: It is very difficult to be a soothsayer! The medical officers would also like to know until where one could go. Because they need also futurology as regards health. Me, I find that it is quite difficult to answer. I think for example, besides some exceptions in the world, that the surgery of the former cruciate is an acquired thing, new “the standard ”. For the posterior crusader, it is discussed a little more. For the shoulder, it is true that one is still in full debate, and that our techniques must still improve to be really comparable with the opened techniques, at least for rates of recurrence, instability for example. For the cap of the rotators, it was already validated that the surgery, if the indications are correct, obtains the same results. There was a symposium of the into 1998 which compared well the techniques and the techniques with open sky. It was shown, anatomical proof with the support, which one can make as well. Therefore, I would say that it is almost regulated for me. Moreover, I think that the surgery of the cap, with technological advances, still will extend under . For the future, I think that the invasive mini surgery has a great future. Why not imagine that one day, one manages to discuss a by a technique under endoscopic control, by injection of a “product”, of which I do not know unfortunately yet nature! There already were tests which did not go very well, but from others will arrive. The problems of cartilage, also, are surely a future field of the .

MO: And future of the ?

: It is a society in full growth. It is now 22 years old (born in 1980). It left with some members. One finds oneself to 444. And for this year, i.e. for the next annual meeting, we will have 62 additional members. It is thus a growth which remains still exponential. I think without great risk of being mistaken that it is the second society in France, in our speciality. It is the second congress as regards the number of participants after the . For 3 years, we have been more than 500 participants. I believe that it has more than its place. She answers a request because she plain of people who make sometimes things very different from/to each other. Me, I believe in it. I think that its future is radiant for this reason. It is a society which grows.

MO: Do we move more towards the development of new hinges, or rather towards the deepening of what already exists?

: I believe that there will be both. The annual meetings are based on symposiums and scientific work which joins together several, even sometimes many members of the . The studies are always very serious. In addition with the next , the members of the will make a summary of the ten best symposiums of our society of these last years. It has a scientific base which is recognized more and more by our colleagues and even by the our big sister.

MO: To be member of the , it is enough to ask it?

: Not, there is nevertheless a barrier. We want to remain serious, like any learned society. One copies oneself much on other society. To be associated member, it is not too difficult. It is of course necessary to have a practice of the and to be committed continuing it. One needs a godfather who attests that but it is all. We do not ask more, in particular not scientific work nor of communications to the . That encourages young people. For establishment, it is more intricate. Two godfathers are needed. It is necessary to have communicated several times within society. It is necessary to be well recognized by its pars. The candidature is examined by a formed Commission of embers of the office and each year ago of the refusal. To be regular member, it is something which one can . It is necessary thus that corresponds to something. It is a level standard which is found in other society.

MO: In what the is it different from other society?

: I believe that we made a success of a rather extraordinary balance between liberal and public. The was rested by a team where there were primarily liberal surgeons. Indeed, as I already said, the and our Masters of the time immediately did not see the interest of this technique, and it thus developed only very gradually in the . And there exists still a defect of formation in very many university services of csotcina.comedy-Traumatology. Besides this poses a problem with the young people, who would like to learn, but which is in cities where there are not many training centres, even none. For me, the first characteristic of the is this indisputable balance between surgeons liberal and public. There is always in the office of the a great balance between the experts of the peripheral hospitals, the , like me, and of the liberal sector. Then, we created with D. Molé, H. and Th. an IUD which has an enormous success. Now there are 17 Faculties which are associated with this diploma inter-academic of , and we accept like grounds of training course all the recognized experts, regular members of the , under the control of the office of the IUD, independent of that of the . There does not need to be an instructor, nor to be hospital to take a young person for nths and to teach him the in practice. The teachers of this IUD are not only pH. In my opinion, it is almost single. I believe that the echographists in Obstetric Gynecology also created an identical structure. This symbiosis “university city” appears single to me very important. In any case, I am in favor of that.

MO: Is the existence of this IUD, even with such a success, enough to form “truths ”?

: Not, that is not enough. Initially because it is true that it is a little short. But finally, it is already a first pitch, and then that poses already problems. Indeed, It is necessary possibly that a departmental manager accepts that a young intern, for nths either elsewhere than in his service. It is not so simple, today, with the current shortage of interns. Then, it seems impossible to me to go further for the moment. I believe that there are blockings which are very strong, and one should not be sharp with the things and leave time to the Hospitalo-Universitaires services to give oneself the means.

MO: it of the grounds of training course in the private one?

: Yes, completely. Paris is the typical example where unfortunately the training of the is not easy for an intern. There are not many services where it is a very regular practice, even daily. I believe that it is necessary that is an everyday practice and they thus go elsewhere in periphery or downtown. I quote this city, but there are others of them… I believe that it is a rather original characteristic of a learned society to be a really perfect link between all the lines of business.

MO: Don't you believe that this delocalization of the formation on the city is in any event inevitable?

: If. It is a conviction. I think however that university conservatism will make trail this development. I think that I will be with the retreat the day when it will be accepted whereas it is already accepted in so much of other fields. The university is very jealous of its prerogatives and it is not yet on the following day that in an official way will be recognized, even with a particular status, the liberals who try hard to make teaching. I am in spite of very sure that it is the future. It is obvious that even in a big city like Strasbourg, where there are nevertheless 4 teaching hospital services, it becomes difficult to learn all the techniques while turning on these 4 services. Perhaps in very a big city like Paris, and still. In a smaller city, where there is one service, and that exists, it is straightforwardly impossible. A good formation will not be possible that in the event of incorporation in the course of training of experts of reputation in the city in question, pointed in a field which is not practiced so much by the . I find that it would be well of being able to integrate them.

MO: Don't you think that it is more difficult to make authority when one in is deprived, that in the public and in particular with the ?

: Absolutely, it is true. However, I think that teaching hospital, with the current stresses to make turn its service, cannot reach a level of experiment and of expertise are equivalent, for example, with that of our unchallenged leader in France for the shoulder which is Gilles . A very pointed leader is rather easily nonteaching hospital because it can be devoted exclusively to a hinge. It is easier to become “mono-articular” as a liberal than with the . However the “mono-articular” surgeons are often more relevant and more visionaries that the teaching hospital ones, who by need, considering the structures such as they are made in France, all are almost obliged to be qualified. Many liberals thus make authority and it is deserved. I believe that all is possible. Excellence can be everywhere and the mediocrity too.